[171], The road transport system is predominant, with a total length of 542,310 kilometres (336,980 miles) as of 2018[update]. Préservées du tourisme de masse, les îles aux épices offrent des plages et des plongées dans un bout de paradis désert. La plupart des vols internationaux font escale à Singapour, avant d’atterrir à l’aéroport international Soekarno-Hatta à Jakarta sur Java et l’aéroport international Ngurah Rai sur Bali. [52][53][54] Suharto capitalised on Sukarno's weakened position, and following a drawn-out power play with Sukarno, Suharto was appointed president in March 1968. Islam was introduced by Sunni traders of the Shafi'i fiqh, as well as Sufi traders from the Indian subcontinent and southern Arabian peninsula as early as the 8th century CE. The village administration level is the most influential on a citizen's daily life and handles matters of a village or neighbourhood through an elected village head (lurah or kepala desa). [110], Indonesia is a republic with a presidential system. [33][240] Trade, missionary works such as by the Wali Sanga and Chinese explorer Zheng He, and military campaigns by several sultanates helped accelerate the spread of the religion. [100] This situation makes Indonesia the world's largest forest-based emitter of greenhouse gases. Indonésie je stát v jihovýchodní Asii a Oceánii tvořený 17 508 ostrovy. [45] The Netherlands attempted to re-establish their rule, and a bitter armed and diplomatic struggle ended in December 1949 when the Dutch formally recognised Indonesian independence in the face of international pressure. Français : Carte des fuseaux horaires en Indonésie. Pour finaliser votre inscription, cliquez sur le lien dans l’email que nous venons de vous envoyer. [135], Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950 and was a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). [51] The PKI was blamed for the coup and effectively destroyed. [317] Other popular dishes include rendang, one of the many Padang cuisines along with dendeng and gulai. [206] It is expected to grow to around 295 million by 2030 and 321 million by 2050. In his 1869 book, The Malay Archipelago, Wallace described numerous species unique to the area. [254] Parents can choose between state-run, non-sectarian schools or private or semi-private religious (usually Islamic) schools, supervised by the ministries of Education and Religion, respectively. Français : Carte des fuseaux horaires en Indonésie. [15] In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians—and, his preference, Malayunesians—for the inhabitants of the "Indian Archipelago or Malayan Archipelago". [145] The Armed Forces were formed during the Indonesian National Revolution when it undertook guerrilla warfare along with informal militia. Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan (Bureau of Financial Analysis), Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia insignia.svg [142], Indonesia's Armed Forces (TNI) include the Army (TNI–AD), Navy (TNI–AL, which includes Marine Corps), and Air Force (TNI–AU). In highland areas near the tropical monsoon and tropical savanna climates, the subtropical highland climate (Köppen Cwb) is prevalent with a more pronounced dry season. [3] Of these, Javanese is the most widely spoken. It is usually performed for traditional ceremonies and festivals,[294][295] and based on semi-historical Minangkabau legends and love story. [27] Trade has since fundamentally shaped Indonesian history. Fishing boat, Pelabuhan Ratu, Simpang Semanggi, Jakarta banner.jpg [33], The first Europeans arrived in the archipelago in 1512, when Portuguese traders, led by Francisco Serrão, sought to monopolise the sources of nutmeg, cloves, and cubeb pepper in the Maluku Islands. ViaMichelin vous propose les cartes Michelin Indonésie, à des échelles de 1/1 000 000 à 1/200 000 Partie indonésienne de l'île de Bornéo, Kalimantan est une île mystérieuse qui ouvre au dépaysement avec son mode de vie ancestral, ses anciennes forêts et ses ourangs-outans. Kraton Jogjakarta, Jogjakarta, 025 Head and Shoulders of Buddha (38656053220).jpg, Stadhuis Batavia, Jakarta.jpg Bordée de plages et de récifs coralliens, l’île de Célèbe regorge de montagnes impénétrables et d’oiseaux colorés riches d’une culture complexe, le pays toraja mérite le détour. Synonyme d’aventure, l’île de Sumatra vie au rythme d’une nature extrême marquée par un écosystème particulièrement diversifié où des volcans bouillonnants y ont élu domicile. At the national level, Indonesians did not elect a president until 2004. Indonesia's size, tropical climate, and archipelagic geography support one of the world's highest levels of biodiversity. The invocation of the first principle of Indonesia's philosophical foundation, Pancasila (the belief in the one and only God) often serves as a reminder of religious tolerance,[250] though instances of intolerance have occurred. [94], British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace described a dividing line (Wallace Line) between the distribution of Indonesia's Asian and Australasian species. These include gambus and qasida from the Middle East,[284] keroncong from Portugal,[285] and dangdut—one of the most popular music genres in Indonesia—with notable Hindi influence as well as Malay orchestras. Gerhard Bowering et al. Bhesah Mèdura: Indonesia otaba Negara Kasettongan Republik Indonesia enggi paneka negara kapoloan se palleng raja e dunynya se lokasina di Asia Tenggara, antara benua Asia ban Australia jugan antara Samodra Pasifik ban Samodra Hindia. Angklung, kacapi suling, gong, gamelan, talempong, kulintang, and sasando are examples of traditional Indonesian instruments. Schließlich willigte Präsident Suharto in seinen Rücktritt ein und Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie übernahm vorerst die Macht. Currency: Rupiah (w:Rupiah). [68] Political, economic and social instability, corruption, and terrorism remained problems in the 2000s; however, in recent years, the economy has performed strongly. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the. They arrived in the archipelago around 2,000 BCE and confined the native Melanesian peoples to the far eastern regions as they spread east. [46][47] Despite extraordinary political, social and sectarian divisions, Indonesians, on the whole, found unity in their fight for independence.[48][49]. Sie können sich jederzeit über den im Newsletter enthaltenen Link abmelden. [89] The islands of the Sunda Shelf (Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Bali) were once linked to mainland Asia, and have a wealth of Asian fauna. Hindu influences reached the archipelago as early as the first century CE. [86] The latter produced the loudest sound in recorded history and caused 36,000 deaths due to the eruption itself and the resulting tsunamis, with significant additional effects around the world years after the event. [154] As the only G20 member state in Southeast Asia,[155] the country has the largest economy in the region and is classified as a newly industrialised country. [216], The country's official language is Indonesian, a variant of Malay based on its prestige dialect, which for centuries had been the lingua franca of the archipelago. [118] Additionally, the Judicial Commission (Komisi Yudisial) monitors the performance of judges. [25][213][214], The Javanese are the largest ethnic group, constituting 40.2% of the population,[4] and are politically dominant. Belawan, Boat pelabuhanratu.jpg [69] A political settlement to an armed separatist conflict in Aceh was achieved in 2005 following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami that killed 130,000 Indonesians. For the most part, Islam overlaid and mixed with existing cultural and religious influences, which shaped the predominant form of Islam in Indonesia, particularly in Java. [176] Ngurah Rai International Airport and Juanda International Airport are the country's second- and third-busiest airport respectively. [174] In 2015, the government announced a plan to build a high-speed rail, which would be a first in Southeast Asia.[175]. Winds are moderate and generally predictable, with monsoons usually blowing in from the south and east in June through October, and from the northwest in November through March. [192] As of 2019[update], Indonesia has launched 18 satellites for various purposes,[193] and LAPAN has expressed a desire to put satellites in orbit with native launch vehicles by 2040. [166] In 2011, the country regained the investment grade rating it had lost in 1997. Transjakarta busway, Terminal Peti Kemas Belawan (preview).jpg Mit unserem Mietwagenservice bieten wir Ihnen jederzeit eine Best-Preis-Garantie, Neues in der ViaMichelin-Verkehrsinformation, Ihre persönlichen Warnungen auf Ihren Routen, Buchen Sie Ihren Parkplatz im Voraus auf Onepark (im Stadtzentrum, Bahnhof oder Flughafen). "Kropak 406; Carita Parahyangan dan Fragmen Carita Parahyangan", Makalah disampaikan dalam Kegiatan Bedah Naskah Kuna yang diselenggarakan oleh Balai Pengelolaan Museum Negeri Sri Baduga. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and the eastern part of Malaysia. Early modern Indonesian literature originates in Sumatran tradition. Rainfall varies across regions, with more in western Sumatra, Java, and the interiors of Kalimantan and Papua, and less in areas closer to Australia, such as Nusa Tenggara, which tend to be dry. A Balinese cuisine rijstaffel, Nasi ramas ayam goreng.JPG It is believed to have caused a global volcanic winter and cooling of the climate, and subsequently led to a genetic bottleneck in human evolution, though this is still in debate. The president may serve a maximum of two consecutive five-year terms. Location of Indonesia, Indonesia BMNG.png [122], Indonesia has several levels of subdivisions. [168], Indonesia has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas, coal, tin, copper, gold, and nickel, while agriculture produces rice, palm oil, tea, coffee, cacao, medicinal plants, spices, and rubber. Map of Indonesia and travel information about Indonesia brought to you by Lonely Planet. Most Indonesians also speak at least one of more than 700 local languages,[3] often as their first language. His "New Order" administration,[55] supported by the United States,[56][57][58] encouraged foreign direct investment,[59][60] which was a crucial factor in the subsequent three decades of substantial economic growth. The Indonesian archipelago has been a valuable region for trade since at least the 7th century when Srivijaya and later Majapahit traded with entities from mainland China and the Indian subcontinent. Here's What You Should Know About Usmar Ismail", "The Last 10 Years of Indonesia's Film Industry", "World Notices Indonesian Film Resurgence", "The Internet in Indonesia: Development and Impact of Radical Websites", "Indonesia has 171 million internet users: Study", "Indonesian internet users turn to smartphones to go online", "Preserving intangible cultural heritage in Indonesia", "An Introduction to the Literature of Indonesia, 2015 Frankfurt Book Fair's Guest of Honor", "Celebratory rice cone dish to represent the archipelago", "7 Boxing World Champions from Indonesia", "Haryanto becomes Indonesia's first F1 driver", Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs, Coordinating Minister for Human Development and Cultural Affairs, Coordinating Minister for Maritime Affairs, Coordinating Minister for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs, State Apparatus Utilization and Bureaucratic Reform, Cooperation and Small & Medium Enterprises, Research, Technology and Higher Education, Villages, Underdeveloped Regions and Transmigration, Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Center, National Team for Transportation Safety and Security, ASEAN–Republic of Korea Commemorative Summit, Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia, Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, ASEAN–Australia Development Cooperation Program, Outstanding Scientist and Technologist Award, African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States, Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesia&oldid=980815007, States and territories established in 1945, Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2016, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Articles containing Indonesian-language text, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles containing Ancient Greek-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015, Articles with Indonesian-language sources (id), Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Indonesian Workers Placement and Protection, This page was last edited on 28 September 2020, at 16:38. [200], Indonesia has nine UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including the Komodo National Park and the Sawahlunto Coal Mine; and a further 19 in a tentative list that includes Bunaken National Park and Raja Ampat Islands. Despite the Dutch presence for almost 350 years, the Dutch language never had a substantial number of speakers or official status. [320] On the continental level, Indonesia won the bronze medal in the 1958 Asian Games. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (. [117][115], Most civil disputes appear before the State Court (Pengadilan Negeri); appeals are heard before the High Court (Pengadilan Tinggi). [302] The television market includes several national commercial networks and provincial networks that compete with public TVRI, which held a monopoly on TV broadcasting from 1962 to 1989.
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