The Syrian mints also issued coins depicting the Emperor, King of Kings Tigran the Great. Armenia is rich in springs and wells, some of which possess medicinal properties. [13][12] A noted episode which illustrates the observance by the Armenian Arsacids is the famous journey of Tiridates I to Rome in A.D. The words 'Nairi' and 'Nairian' are still Author of. The horses are also protected with armor. The root of the kingdom lies in one of the satrapies of the Achaemenid Empire of Persia called Armenia (Satrapy of Armenia), which was formed from the territory of the Kingdom of Ararat (860 BC–590 BC) after it was conquered by the Median Empire in 590 BC. World War I Begins. In the lower altitudes the steppes are covered with drought-resistant grasses, while the mountain slopes are overgrown with thorny bushes and juniper. The travail held in the sea the small red reed. Tigran conducted an "open" policy of free trade within the Hellenistic metropolitan polis' [cities] of the vast Armenian Empire, granting autonomy to those important cities, who could mint their own currency and were judged according to the local laws and customs. Armenia is a unitary, multi-party, democratic nation-state with an ancient cultural heritage. The Armenian alphabet was created by Saint Mesrop Mashtots and Isaac of Armenia (Sahak Partev) in AD 405, primarily for a Bible translation into the Armenian language. Ancient Armenia was subjected to constant foreign incursions, finally losing its autonomy in the 14th century ce. Once in Syria, Tigran was confronted with another foe, Queen Alexandra, ruler of Palestine. Many literature pieces known to us were saved and then presented to us by Moses of Chorene. In 83, after a bloody strife for the throne of Syria, governed by the Seleucids, the Syrians decided to choose Tigran as the protector of their kingdom and offered him the crown of Syria. Known to the Persians as Armina and to the Greeks as Armenioi, the Armenian people call themselves Hayq (singular: Hay) and their country Hayastan, and they look back to a folk hero, Hayk. Armenian History Timeline Autumn—long, mild, and sunny—is the most pleasant season. In 83 BC, at the invitation of one of the factions in the interminable civil wars, he entered Syria, and soon established himself as ruler of Syria—putting the Seleucid Empire virtually at an end—and ruled peacefully for 17 years. The Kingdom of Armenia, also the Kingdom of Greater Armenia,[2] or simply Greater Armenia (Armenian: Մեծ Հայք Mets Hayk;[3] Latin: Armenia Maior), sometimes referred to as the Armenian Empire, was a monarchy in the Ancient Near East which existed from 321 BC to 428 AD. Եւ ի բոցոյն վազէր խարտեաշ պատանեկիկ։ Armenians call themselves "Hay" and their country "Hayastan" after Hayasa, while The pre-Islamic period", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)&oldid=980714091, Articles with Armenian-language sources (hy), Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters, Articles containing Armenian-language text, Articles needing additional references from May 2020, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 28 September 2020, at 00:58. During Artaxias I's reign the Kingdom of Armenia covered 350,000 km2 (135,000 sq mi). There are five altitudinal vegetation zones: semidesert, steppe, forest, alpine meadow, and high-altitude tundra. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Eastern Armenia was annexed by Russia during the 19th century, while western Armenia remained under Ottoman rule, and in 1894–96 and 1915 the Ottoman government perpetrated systematic massacres and forced deportations of Armenians. Tigran was crowned the same year with the support of the local aristocracy. During the latter days of the Ottoman Empire, Christian Armenians were subjected to extensive discrimination. Learn how and when to remove this template message, Ճանաչել զիմաստութիւն եւ զխրատ, իմանալ զբանս հանճարոյ, "The History of Karabagh from Antiquity to the Twentieth Century", "Armenia and Azerbaijan: thinking a way out of Karabakh", "ARMENIA AND IRAN ii. Sizeable populations are found outside Armenia as well. The Roman historian Sallustius Crispus wrote that the Armenian [Ayrudzi – lit. While Plutarch wrote that the Armenian archers could kill from 200 meters with their deadly accurate arrows. Traditionally, the following phrase translated from Solomon's Book of Proverbs is said to be the first sentence to be written down in Armenian by Mashtots: Ճանաչել զիմաստութիւն եւ զխրատ, իմանալ զբանս հանճարոյ:Čanačʿel zimastutʿiun yev zxrat, imanal zbans hančaroy.To know wisdom and instruction; to perceive the words of understanding. Its history is divided into successive reigns by three royal dynasties: Orontid (321 BC–200 BC),[4][5] Artaxiad (189 BC–12 AD) and Arsacid (52–428). At its height, Armenia extended from the south-central Black Sea coast to the Caspian Sea and from the Mediterranean Sea to Lake Urmia in present-day Iran. Armenia is one of the oldest countries in the world with a recorded history On the mountain slopes, at elevations from 4,600 to 6,600 feet, yearly rainfall approaches 32 inches (800 millimetres), while the sheltered inland hollows and plains receive only 8 to 16 inches of rainfall a year. The period of turmoil ends in AD 66, when Tiridates I of Armenia was crowned king of Armenia by Nero. reports a battle with a force of 20,000 Armens in the Gadmokh province of Artaxias I was not able to reunite Lesser Armenia, Corduene, and Sophene, something completed by his grandson Tigranes the Great. In travail, too, the purple sea, To counter the Parthian threat, Verus set out for the east. À la fin de la Première Guerre mondiale, les Arméniens vivant sur leurs terres ancestrales dans l'empire ottoman furent soumis à une extermination systématique, le génocide arménien. Au XIX e siècle, l'Arménie orientale fut conquise par l'empire russe et la partie occidentale demeura sous l'empire ottoman. Through the hollow of the stalk came forth flame, Ընդ եղեգան փող բոց ելանէր, The Armenian Genocide (also sometimes known as the Armenian Holocaust) was the systematic mass murder and expulsion of 1.5 million ethnic Armenians carried out in Turkey and adjoining regions by the Ottoman government between 1914 and 1923. In 301, Tiridates III proclaimed Christianity as the state religion of Armenia, making the Armenian kingdom the first state to embrace Christianity officially. union, which existed until late 13th century BC. The Armenians are the descendants of a branch of the Indo-Europeans. In travail were heaven and earth, Its territory was reorganized into a satrapy called Armenia (Old Persian: Armina, Elamite: Harminuya, Akkadian: Urashtu). In the southwest, a large depression—the Ararat Plain—lies at the foot of Mount Aragats and the Geghama Range; the Aras River cuts this important plain into halves, the northern half lying in Armenia and the southern in Turkey and Iran. The kingdom competed with Assyria over supremacy in the highlands of Ararat and the Fertile Crescent. referred to as 'Armenia' in the Persian and Elamite versions, and 'Urartu' in Weakened by the Seleucid Empire which succeeded the Macedonian Empire, the last Orontid king, Orontes IV, was overthrown in 200/201 BC and the kingdom was taken over by a commander of the Seleucid Empire, Artashes I, who is presumed to be related to the Orontid dynasty himself. Coordinates. The Sassanid Persians occupied Armenia in 252. The fauna is rich; the abundant birdlife includes the mountain turkey, horned lark, and bearded vulture, while the mountains also harbour the bezoar goat and the mountain sheep, or mouflon. To the north and east, the Somkhet, Bazum, Pambak, Areguni, Shakhdag, and Vardenis ranges of the Lesser Caucasus lie across the northern sector of Armenia. Armenia, country of Transcaucasia, lying just south of the great mountain range of the Caucasus and fronting the northwestern extremity of Asia. After persecutions by kings Sanatruk, Axidares, Khosrov I, and Tiridates III, Christianity was adopted as the state religion by Tiridates III after he was converted by Gregory the Illuminator. for the Golden Fleece. Get kids back-to-school ready with Expedition: Learn! According to Justin, Tigran reigned for eighteen years on the Syrian throne. Much of Armenia’s soil—formed partly by residues of volcanic lava—is rich in nitrogen, potash, and phosphates. Armenian Genocide, campaign of deportation and mass killing conducted against the Armenian subjects of the Ottoman Empire by the Young Turk government during World War I. Armenians charge that the campaign was a deliberate attempt to destroy the Armenian people and, thus, an act of genocide. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. This urban trend has also predominated among Armenians who migrated to Europe and North America. During times of peace, Armenian cavalry were divided into small groups which took the roles of guarding the King and other Armenian lords, as well as their families. The broken relief of Armenia, together with the fact that its highland lies at the junction of various biogeographic regions, has produced a great variety of landscapes. This legion is also mentioned in the Notitia Dignitatum. Regional climatic variation is nevertheless considerable. The Ottoman Empire was the state responsible for the Armenian Genocide. The oldest known ancestors of modern Armenians, the Naxçıvan, an exclave of Azerbaijan, borders Armenia to the southwest. The Armenian troops quickly advanced and took the city of Acre [Ptolemais] in Phoenicia. Armenia's adoption of Christianity as the state religion (the first country to do so) distinguished it from Parthian and Mazdaen influence.[11]. The first significant state of the Armenian The Seleucid Empire's influence over Armenia had weakened after it was defeated by the Romans in the Battle of Magnesia in 190 BC. His army consisted mainly of 120,000 infantrymen and 12,000 mounted archers, also an important feature of the Parthian army. The Romans admired and respected the bravery and the warrior spirit of the Armenian Cavalry -- the hardcore of Tigran's Army. These followers consisted of camels, donkeys, and mules used for baggage, sheep, cattle, and goats for food, said to be stocked in abundance for each man, and hoards of gold and silver. http://www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?title=Armenian_Empire&oldid=29056, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Kingdom of Armenia. p185–190. Sohaemus retreated to Syria, and the Arsacid's dynasty was restored to power over Armenia. In 885, after years of Roman, Persian, and Arab rule, Armenia regained its independence under the Bagratuni dynasty. As a result, the marching Armenian army was listed as "a huge, irregular force, too many to count, like locusts or the dust of the earth", not unlike many other enormous Eastern armies of the time. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. According to For centuries, Armenians lived as vassals, forcibly being thrown between Roman and Persian rule, but always remaining a tough and proud people. La première imprimerie arménienne de Constantinople ( 1567 - 1569 ) doit rapidement fermer face à l'opposition des oulémas musulmans. The northwestern part of the Armenian Highland—containing Mount Aragats (Alaghez), the highest peak (13,418 feet, or 4,090 metres) in the country—is a combination of lofty mountain ranges, deep river valleys, and lava plateaus dotted with extinct volcanoes. J.-C. par Artaxias Ier, fondateur de la dynastie artaxiade. Բոց ունէր մօրուս, This control lasted until the Russian Revolution. [citation needed]. Another major city in the Valley of Ararat was Because of Armenia’s position in the deep interior of the northern part of the subtropical zone, enclosed by lofty ranges, its climate is dry and continental. [7] The new city was laid on a strategic position at the juncture of trade routes that connected the Ancient Greek world with Bactria, India and the Black Sea which permitted the Armenians to prosper. During times of war, the number of Armenian cavalry would rise, with estimates ranging from 10,000 to at least 20,000 horsemen. From 87 to 85, Tigran's Army victoriously entered Armenian Mesopotamia [Northern Mesopotamia], the province of Korduk', Migdonia and Adiabenē, which were previously under the control of the Parthians. During the Byzantine–Sasanian wars, Armenia was ultimately partitioned into Byzantine Armenia in 387 and Persian Armenia in 428. After the treacherous murder of king Khosrow II by a Sassanid agent and with his son Tiridates III being held as a hostage in Rome, Armenia was caught in the middle once more. The labour required to clear the surface stones and debris from the soil, however, has made farming in Armenia difficult. The Kingdom of Armenia was bordered by Caucasian Albania in the east, Caucasian Iberia in the north, the Roman Empire in the west, and Parthia, later succeeded by Sassanian Empire, in the south. Winter is generally not cold; the average January temperature in the plain and foothills is about 23° F (−5° C), whereas in the mountains it drops to 10° F (−12° C). At its peak, under Tigranes the Great, it covered 3,000,000 km2 (1,158,000 sq mi), incorporating, besides Armenia Major, Iberia, Albania, Cappadocia, Cilicia, Armenian Mesopotamia, Osroene, Adiabene, Syria, Assyria, Commagene, Sophene, Judea and Atropatene. The tributaries of the Kura—the Debed (109 miles), the Aghstev (80 miles), and others—pass through Armenia’s northeastern regions. The semidesert landscape, ascending to an elevation of 4,300 to 4,600 feet, consists of a slightly rolling plain covered with scanty vegetation, mostly sagebrush. The Jewish historian Josephus talks of 500,000 men in total, including camp followers. The Armenian First Legion was one of the later-period Roman imperial legions. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. XIII.xvi.4]. Armenian literature continued to develop after that period and witnessed a strong revival during the 19th century in the face of Turkish and Russian domination. Mark Antony invaded and defeated the kingdom in 34 BC, but the Romans lost hegemony during the Final War of the Roman Republic in 32–30 BC. Երկն ի ծովուն ունէր և զկարմրիկն եղեգնիկ։ Tigran conducted an "open" policy of free trade within the Hellenistic metropolitan polis' [cities] of the vast Armenian Empire, granting autonomy to those important cities, who could mint their own currency and were judged according to the local laws and customs. During this period, the Armenian forces advanced and conquered the kingdoms of Commagene [mostly Armenian in its demographic composition] and Cilicia [also containing a sizable Armenian community]. Mithridates was arrested by Caligula, but later restored by Claudius. The greatest single disaster was the Armenian Genocide, which occurred during World War I. It is most likely that the Armenian First Legion was formed in the 2nd or 3rd century AD, in the western part of the Kingdom, with the mission to protect the lands of Armenia from intrusion. survivor of the now extinct Thraco-Phrygian group. At the end of the second millennium BC, another Indo-European ethnic of non-Indo-European words from minor ethnic groups, which also took part in the The Russian Empire gained control of Eastern Armenia by 1828, following their victory in the Russo-Persian War. Winter is particularly inclement on the elevated, windswept plateaus. For the remaining duration of the Armenian kingdom, Rome still considered it a client kingdom de jure, but the ruling dynasty was of Parthian extraction, and contemporary Roman writers thought that Nero had de facto yielded Armenia to the Parthians.[8]. [6] According to Strabo and Plutarch, Hannibal Barca received hospitality at the Armenian court of Artaxias I. In 85, the Parthians officially recognized him as the supreme ruler of the East. Sasanian Armenia, also known as Persian Armenia and Persarmenia (Armenian: … The traditional date for Armenia's conversion to Christianity is established at 301, preceding the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great's conversion and the Edict of Milan by a dozen years. Emeritus Professor of Geography, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow. Get kids back-to-school ready with Expedition: Learn! Some part of the Armenian cavalry force was always patrolling Armenian borders, under the command of an Armenian general (sparapet). During the zenith of his rule, Tigranes the Great extended Armenia's territory outside of the Armenian Highland over parts of the Caucasus and the area that is now south-eastern Turkey, Iran, Syria and Lebanon, becoming one of the most powerful states in the Roman East. Ay, too, he had flaming beard, Linguists classify Armenian as an independent branch of the Indo-European language family. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. [12] With the advent of Christianity, both paganism and Zoroastrianism gradually started to diminish. Cette chronologie du génocide arménien présente les principaux événements liés au génocide de la plus grande partie de la population arménienne de l'empire ottoman en 1915 et 1916. His army won significant victories and retook the capital. Josephus noted "She [Queen Alexandra] was a sagacious woman…she increased the army the one half, and procured a great body of foreign troops, till her own nation became not only very powerful at home, but terrible also to foreign potentates." More than 15 soil types occur in Armenia, including light brown alluvial soils found in the Aras River plain and the Ararat Plain, poor in humus but still intensively cultivated; rich brown soils, found at higher elevations in the hill country; and chernozem (black earth) soils, which cover much of the higher steppe region. The Armenian Second legion is mentioned in the year 360 AD as a part of the garrison of Bezabda (anciently called Phoencia) in upper Tigris.
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