Sérapion est officiellement désavoué plus tard. [271][269][172][note 51] Antony claimed that his rival had illegally deposed Lepidus from their triumvirate and barred him from raising troops in Italy, while Octavian accused Antony of unlawfully detaining the king of Armenia, marrying Cleopatra despite still being married to his sister Octavia, and wrongfully claiming Caesarion as the heir of Caesar instead of Octavian. "[491][note 82] Stacy Schiff writes that Cleopatra was a Macedonian Greek with some Persian ancestry, arguing that it was rare for the Ptolemies to have an Egyptian mistress. [433] The thickness of the painting over Cleopatra's bare flesh and her drapery were reportedly similar to the paintings of the Fayum mummy portraits. [2] Surviving works include statues, busts, reliefs, and minted coins,[2][373] as well as ancient carved cameos,[399] such as one depicting Cleopatra and Antony in Hellenistic style, now in the Altes Museum, Berlin. [45] During her youth Cleopatra presumably studied at the Musaeum, including the Library of Alexandria. [299] An asp is absent from the painting, but many Romans held the view that she received poison in another manner than a venomous snakebite. Il s'agissait, par cette mesure très habile, d'enrayer l'inflation du bronze par rapport à l'argent. Een decreet met alleen de naam van Ptolemaeus uit 51 v.Chr. [292] While some in Antony's camp suggested abandoning the naval conflict to retreat inland, Cleopatra urged for a naval confrontation, to keep Octavian's fleet away from Egypt. [460] He was followed by William Shakespeare, whose Antony and Cleopatra, largely based on Plutarch, was first performed in 1608 and provided a somewhat salacious view of Cleopatra in stark contrast to England's own Virgin Queen. [255][256] When Octavia returned to Rome Octavian portrayed his sister as a victim wronged by Antony, although she refused to leave Antony's household. Au retour d'Antoine, les deux amants se retrouvent à Antioche à l'automne -37 ; celui-ci entame une politique nouvelle. que l'attachement aux pays et aux peuples qu'elle gouverne. [290][289], Cleopatra and Antony had the support of various allied kings, but Cleopatra had already been in conflict with Herod, and an earthquake in Judea provided him with an excuse to be absent from the campaign. [302] In Alexandria he built a reclusive cottage on the island of Pharos that he nicknamed the Timoneion, after the philosopher Timon of Athens, who was famous for his cynicism and misanthropy. In 58 BC, Cleopatra presumably accompanied her father, Ptolemy XII, during his exile to Rome after a revolt in Egypt (a Roman client state) allowing his daughter Berenice IV to claim the throne. [228][229] This act put Herod on a collision course with Cleopatra, who would desire to reclaim the former Ptolemaic territories that comprised his new Herodian kingdom. Tous les noms de sa titulature proviennent de la représentation de la naissance de Ptolémée XV sur le temple d'Hermonthis au sud de Thèbes. [245], In 36 BC, Cleopatra accompanied Antony to the Euphrates in his journey toward invading the Parthian Empire. [296] Antony followed Cleopatra and boarded her ship, identified by its distinctive purple sails, as the two escaped the battle and headed for Tainaron. Il existe enfin un autre motif qui pourrait expliquer ce changement de politique. Souhaite-t-il garder en otage les deux souverains d'un État dont les ressources en blé sont vitales à Rome ? [440][442] In this interpretation, Cleopatra can be seen grasping Antony and drawing him toward her while a serpent (i.e. Elle est célèbre pour avoir été la compagne de Jules César puis de Marc Antoine, avec lesquels elle a eu plusieurs enfants. Plusieurs traités de métrologie, d'alchimie, de gynécologie ou de cosmétique (le Kosmètikon) lui sont attribués, mais ils sont jugés apocryphes par les historiens modernes[19]. Her … [27][29], Cleopatra VII was born in early 69 BC to the ruling Ptolemaic pharaoh Ptolemy XII and an unknown mother,[33][34][note 13] presumably Ptolemy XII's wife Cleopatra VI Tryphaena (also known as Cleopatra V Tryphaena),[35][36][37][note 14][note 4] the mother of Cleopatra's older sister, Berenice IV Epiphaneia. [282][280], During the spring of 32 BC Antony and Cleopatra traveled to Athens, where she persuaded Antony to send Octavia an official declaration of divorce. [403][397] In his Kleopatra und die Caesaren (2006), Bernard Andreae [de] contends that this basalt statue, like other idealized Egyptian portraits of the queen, does not contain realistic facial features and hence adds little to the knowledge of her appearance. Bovendien verscheen alleen Cleopatra's gezicht op munten. La découverte de leur tombeau constituerait un événement archéologique sans précédent, du même niveau que l'exhumation de la tombe de Toutânkhamon par Howard Carter en 1922. [431][note 71] Her ivory-white skin, round face, long aquiline nose, and large round eyes were features common in both Roman and Ptolemaic depictions of deities. [465] Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra was considered canonical by the Victorian era. [181][182][183] The Temple of Venus Genetrix, established in the Forum of Caesar on 25 September 46 BC, contained a golden statue of Cleopatra (which stood there at least until the 3rd century AD), associating the mother of Caesar's child directly with the goddess Venus, mother of the Romans. [248] She then returned to Egypt, perhaps due to her advanced state of pregnancy. [215] With his powers as a triumvir, Antony also had the broad authority to restore former Ptolemaic lands, which were currently in Roman hands, to Cleopatra. [471] Hollywood films of the 20th century were influenced by earlier Victorian media, which helped to shape the character of Cleopatra played by Theda Bara in Cleopatra (1917), Claudette Colbert in Cleopatra (1934), and Elizabeth Taylor in Cleopatra (1963). Nous ignorons depuis quand Cléopâtre, âgée de 29 ans en -41, et le général romain, qui a une quarantaine d'années, se connaissent. [233] Since the authority of Antony and Octavian as triumvirs had expired on 1 January 37 BC, Octavia arranged for a meeting at Tarentum, where the triumvirate was officially extended to 33 BC. La date précise de la naissance de Césarion reste sujette à caution, sans doute est-il né après la mort de César. [458] Early prints depicting Cleopatra include designs by the Renaissance artists Raphael and Michelangelo, as well as 15th-century woodcuts in illustrated editions of Boccaccio's works. [363][238] Cleopatra Selene II imported many important scholars, artists, and advisers from her mother's royal court in Alexandria to serve her in Caesarea, now permeated in Hellenistic Greek culture. [477][19][478] Aëtius of Amida attributed a recipe for perfumed soap to Cleopatra, while Paul of Aegina preserved alleged instructions of hers for dyeing and curling hair. Caesar overwinterde in Egypte in 48–47 v.Chr. [374] Only fragments exist of the medical and cosmetic writings attributed to Cleopatra, such as those preserved by Galen, including remedies for hair disease, baldness, and dandruff, along with a list of weights and measures for pharmacological purposes. [306], Cleopatra had Caesarion enter into the ranks of the ephebi, which, along with reliefs on a stele from Koptos dated 21 September 31 BC, demonstrated that Cleopatra was now grooming her son to become the sole ruler of Egypt. Il paraît difficile d'imaginer César gouvernant l'Italie depuis l'Égypte alors que la situation politique demeure trouble. [306] Cleopatra requested that her children should inherit Egypt and that Antony should be allowed to live in exile in Egypt, offered Octavian money in the future, and immediately sent him lavish gifts. [168][126][169][note 41] Perhaps owing to his still childless marriage with Calpurnia, Caesar remained publicly silent about Caesarion (but perhaps accepted his parentage in private). Pour cela il convoque les souverains des royaumes clients à Tarse, en Cilicie, y compris la reine d'Égypte[40],[j]. Bien que l’appellation d'« Égyptienne » soit héritée de la propagande augustéenne, Cléopâtre s'est efforcée de renouer avec les traditions séculaires de l’Égypte pharaonique et de s'accommoder avec son peuple. Rétabli par Gabinius[c], le gouverneur de Syrie, Ptolémée XII se lance dans une série de massacres, de proscriptions et d'assassinats (dont sa propre fille Bérénice, la demi-sœur de Cléopâtre). Alles bij elkaar had Cleopatra vier kinderen, één bij Caesar en drie bij Antonius. [94], In 50 BC Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, proconsul of Syria, sent his two eldest sons to Egypt, most likely to negotiate with the Gabiniani and recruit them as soldiers in the desperate defense of Syria against the Parthians. [3][411] These similar facial features followed an artistic convention that represented the mutually-observed harmony of a royal couple. [383][391][note 62] The fragmentary Libyka commissioned by Cleopatra's son-in-law Juba II provides a glimpse at a possible body of historiographic material that supported Cleopatra's perspective. [290][283] Antony and Cleopatra set up their winter headquarters at Patrai in Greece, and by the spring of 31 BC they had moved to Actium, on the southern side of the Ambracian Gulf. [474] In preparation for the film starring Taylor as Cleopatra, women's magazines of the early 1960s advertised how to use makeup, clothes, jewelry, and hairstyles to achieve the "Egyptian" look similar to the queens Cleopatra and Nefertiti. Le gouverneur de Cléopâtre à Chypre, Sérapion, vient en aide à Cassius, avec l'assentiment de la reine quels que soient les sentiments que lui inspire l'un des assassins de César. De cela découle l'expression « d'Alexandrie près de l'Égypte » alors courante, et qui marque cette situation. À moins que Philopatris n'évoque l'origine macédonienne de la dynastie lagide[13]. Berenice was killed in 55 BC when Ptolemy returned to Egypt with Roman military assistance. [365][366], Cleopatra Selene II died around 5 BC, and when Juba II died in 23/24 AD he was succeeded by his son Ptolemy. [403][372][328], Since the 1950s scholars have debated whether or not the Esquiline Venus—discovered in 1874 on the Esquiline Hill in Rome and housed in the Palazzo dei Conservatori of the Capitoline Museums—is a depiction of Cleopatra, based on the statue's hairstyle and facial features, apparent royal diadem worn over the head, and the uraeus Egyptian cobra wrapped around the base. [163][164], Caesar departed from Egypt around April 47 BC, allegedly to confront Pharnaces II of Pontus, the son of Mithridates VI of Pontus', who was stirring up trouble for Rome in Anatolia. [383] The Augustan-period authors Virgil, Horace, Propertius, and Ovid perpetuated the negative views of Cleopatra approved by the ruling Roman regime,[383][386] although Virgil established the idea of Cleopatra as a figure of romance and epic melodrama. [309], After lengthy negotiations that ultimately produced no results, Octavian set out to invade Egypt in the spring of 30 BC,[310] stopping at Ptolemais in Phoenicia, where his new ally Herod provided his army with fresh supplies. [151] However, Antony, an officer of his, helped to secure Caesar's appointment as dictator lasting for a year, until October 47 BC, providing Caesar with the legal authority to settle the dynastic dispute in Egypt. [179], Cleopatra's presence in Rome most likely had an effect on the events at the Lupercalia festival a month before Caesar's assassination. [170][note 42] Cleopatra, on the other hand, made repeated official declarations about Caesarion's parentage, naming Caesar as the father. Cleopatra's zoon van Julius Caesar, Ptolemaeus XV (Caesarion), werd in opdracht van Octavianus geliquideerd. Cleopatra | Egyptian queen, famous in history and drama as the lover of Julius Caesar and later as the wife of Mark Antony. [428], Cleopatra, mid-1st century BC, with a "melon" hairstyle and Hellenistic royal diadem worn over her head, now in the Vatican Museums[1][3][420], Cleopatra, mid-1st century BC, showing Cleopatra with a "melon" hairstyle and Hellenistic royal diadem worn over the head, now in the Altes Museum[1][3][420], In the House of Marcus Fabius Rufus at Pompeii, Italy, a mid-1st century BC Second Style wall painting of the goddess Venus holding a cupid near massive temple doors is most likely a depiction of Cleopatra as Venus Genetrix with her son Caesarion. La puissance de Rome, qui intervient militairement pour rétablir Ptolémée XII en -55 renversé par sa fille aînée Bérénice IV trois ans plus tôt, est certainement un élément compris et assimilé par la jeune Cléopâtre. Ptolémée XIII et Cléopâtre auraient d'ailleurs aidé Pompée par l'envoi d'une flotte de soixante navires[26]. [13][486][489][note 79], Cleopatra I Syra was the only member of the Ptolemaic dynasty known for certain to have introduced some non-Greek ancestry, her mother, Laodice III, was a daughter born to King Mithridates II of Pontus who was a Persian (Mithridatic dynasty) and his wife Laodice who was a mixed-raced Greek-Persian. Cleopatra VII Philopator (januari 69 v.Chr. [114][416], Various coins, such as a silver tetradrachm minted sometime after Cleopatra's marriage with Antony in 37 BC, depict her wearing a royal diadem and a 'melon' hairstyle. [165][166][167], Caesarion, Cleopatra's alleged child with Caesar, was born 23 June 47 BC and was originally named "Pharaoh Caesar", as preserved on a stele at the Serapeum in Memphis. [204][205][note 45] Cleopatra managed to clear her name as a supposed supporter of Cassius, arguing she had really attempted to help Dolabella in Syria, and convinced Antony to have her exiled sister, Arsinoe IV, executed at Ephesus. Ces trois premières années de règne sont difficiles du fait des difficultés économiques : disette des années −50/−48, crues insuffisantes du Nil et lutte politique entre l'eunuque Pothin et le général Achillas qui cherchent à opposer le frère et la sœur[21]. [305] Separate messages and envoys from Antony and Cleopatra were then sent to Octavian, still stationed at Rhodes, although Octavian seems to have replied only to Cleopatra. [291] They also lost the support of Malichus I, which would prove to have strategic consequences. [311] Octavian moved south and swiftly took Pelousion, while Cornelius Gallus, marching eastward from Cyrene, defeated Antony's forces near Paraitonion. [305][303] However, these plans were ultimately abandoned when Malichus I, as advised by Octavian's governor of Syria, Quintus Didius, managed to burn Cleopatra's fleet in revenge for his losses in a war with Herod that Cleopatra had largely initiated. Geheel volgens de Egyptische traditie trouwde zij met hem, doch vooral om dynastieke redenen (teneinde koningin over Egypte te kunnen worden middels een huwelijk met haar eigen broer).
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