Up to 80% of the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of uranium is allocated to drinking water if significant amounts of uranium are present. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006 PubMed, 51 Hoellriegl V, Roth P, Werner E. Regional variation of urinary excretion of Uranium in non-exposed subjects. Cancer Causes Control. Fractional absorption of ingested uranium in humans. 2011;144(1-4):379–83. A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Available from: Muikku M, Puhakainen M, Heikkinen T, Ilus T. The mean concentration of uranium in drinking water, urine, and hair of the occupationally unexposed Finnish working population. Direct access to our calendar releases and historical data. Challenges for environmental epidemiology research: are biomarker concentrations altered by kidney function or urine concentration adjustment?J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0265-931X(01)00034-0 PubMed. 1960-2019 Data | 2020-2022 Forecast | Historical | Chart. Environ Int. Radiat Res. Available from: Adriaens AG, Kelly WR, Adams FC. Eur J Clin Nutr. doi:. doi:. Exclusion of the highest uranium value of 591 ng/24 h did not have any influence on the overall results or on the conclusions of this work. Surbeck H, Deflorin O, Kloos O. Spatial and temporal variations in the uranium series background in Alpine groundwaters. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. Second Report on Human Biomonitoring of Environmental Chemicals in Canada, Results of the Canadian Health Measures Survey Cycle 2 (2009-2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-139-2-200307150-00013 PubMed, 39 Seldén AI, Lundholm C, Edlund B, Högdahl C, Ek BM, Bergström BE, et al.Nephrotoxicity of uranium in drinking water from private drilled wells. Ionizing radiation, Part 2, some internally deposited radionuclides. The types of assays were immunoturbidimetry (albumin), O-Cresolphtalein (calcium), indirect potentiometry ISE (sodium, potassium), urease-GLDH (urea), and Jaffé kinetic compensated method (creatinine) from Roche Diagnostics (Rotkreuz, Switzerland) [34]. 1995;68(4):484–98. doi:. doi:. 2016;152:92–6. Important regional differences in uranium exposure exist because of varying uranium concentrations in soil, water and food. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.02110337 PubMed, 38 Levey AS, Coresh J, Balk E, Kausz AT, Levin A, Steffes MW, et al. Arch Environ Occup Health. 2011;26(4):231–49. [Cited 2019 July 22.] By population, the United States of America is the 3rd largest country in the world, behind China (1.39 billion) and India (1.31 billion). For final dilution, the aliquots were thawed and equilibrated to ambient temperature for 1 hour. Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals. Exceptionally, the final solutions were frozen at −20°C until the day of analysis. Download historical data for 20 million indicators using your browser. doi:. [9] and 1.5 µg/day by Bosshard et al. 2006;47(6):972–82. [Cited 2019 July 22.] Available from: https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/determinants-de-sante/exposition-a-des-substances-chimiques/pesticides/documents/rapport-synthese/exposition-de-la-population-francaise-aux-substances-chimiques-de-l-environnement.-tome-1.-presentation-generale-de-l-etude.-metaux-et-metalloides, 42 Barr DB, Wilder LC, Caudill SP, Gonzalez AJ, Needham LL, Pirkle JL. Replicates of urine collections would have been a further gain of information; this was however not part of the current study. 2020;150:w20207, Jenny-Burri Juditha, Blanc Annabellea, Aubert Rafaela, Haldimann Maxa, Zürcher Ursinaa, Burnier Michelb, Paccaud Fredc, Bochud Muriellec, Dudler Vincenta, a Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Risk Assessment Division, Bern, Switzerland, b Service of Nephrology and Hypertension, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland, c Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Switzerland. Propagation of uncertainties in isotope dilution mass spectrometry using pulse counting detection. A squared multiple correlation (R2) of 0.541 defined the overall fit of the resulting model. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemer.2007.12.001, 12 Hakonson-Hayes AC, Fresquez PR, Whicker FW. All freezing and cooling cycles were checked beforehand for sample stability. Erosion or leaching from natural deposits, as well as volcanic eruptions, can occur naturally, whereas mining and processing of uranium ores or phosphate rocks and the combustion of coal and other fuels, as well as the use of uranium containing phosphate fertilizers, are man-made [1–5]. Population in Switzerland is expected to reach 8.60 Million by the end of 2020, according to Trading Economics global macro models and analysts expectations. Anal Chem. Ecotoxicity literature review of selected Hanford site contaminants. doi:. [Cited 2019 July 22.]. doi:. We use end of June each year due to Australia Bureau of Statistics always follow Australia financial year when they published the data. Available from: Chappuis A, Bochud M, Glatz N, Vuistiner P, Paccaud F, Burnier M. Swiss survey on salt intake: Main results. 1998;43(1):68–77. doi:. With the analysis of 1% HNO3 as blank solution, a limit of detection (LOD, mean + 3 SD) of 5 ng/l was calculated for the undiluted urine samples. Environ Res. doi:. Consumed water, likely representing the major source of uranium for the non-occupationally exposed individuals, can either be tap or bottled water [14, 39, 40]. doi:. 2017;221:85–93. [Cited 2019 July 22.] Reinivuo H, Valsta LM, Laatikainen T, Tuomilehto J, Pietinen P. Sodium in the Finnish diet: II trends in dietary sodium intake and comparison between intake and 24-h excretion of sodium. Am J Kidney Dis. 13 Driver CJ. doi:. Fractional absorption of ingested uranium in humans. doi:. Chronic ingestion of uranium in drinking water: a study of kidney bioeffects in humans. 2011;1–151. Environ Health Perspect. From the 1393 participants, 1009 (72%) had a urine uranium concentration above the LOD of 5 ng/l and up to 459 ng/l, 384 samples were below LOD. doi: Anke M, Seeber O, Müller R, Schäfer U, Zerull J. Swiss Medical Weekly EMH Swiss Medical Publishers Ltd. Farnsburgerstrasse 8 CH-4132 Muttenz Tel. 2003;139(2):137–47. A 233U spike solution at a concentration of 980 ng/l in 1% HNO3 Suprapure (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) was prepared daily from an enriched certified isotope reference material (activity concentration of 36.0 ± 0.5 kBq/g corresponding to 100.9 ± 1.5 mg/kg in HNO3 6%, CERCA Framatome, Laboratoire Etalons d’Activité, Pierrelatte Cedex, France). While some studies reported a positive association [33, 41], others were in line with our results [52, 53]. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. Ecotoxicity literature review of selected Hanford site contaminants. No commercial reuse without permission. doi:. Chemosphere. Kurttio P, Auvinen A, Salonen L, Saha H, Pekkanen J, Mäkeläinen I, et al.Renal effects of uranium in drinking water. Chemosphere. 2017;221:85–93. However, absorption rates can go up to 6% [11, 25]. Besides nephrotoxicity, other health outcomes such as reproductive and developmental alterations, diminished bone growth, DNA damage, neurotoxicity and oestrogenic effects are documented, though mainly from animal studies [1, 19]. For non-exposed subjects, a urine uranium concentration up to 60 ng/l has been suggested as a typical background burden [14]. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004032-198505000-00004 PubMed, 27 Auvinen A, Kurttio P, Pekkanen J, Pukkala E, Ilus T, Salonen L. Uranium and other natural radionuclides in drinking water and risk of leukemia: a case-cohort study in Finland. The contribution of drinking water to the dietary uranium intake is considered low [5] or at equal to that of food [1]. 2010;74(7):2082–98. doi:. Découvrez aussi le nombre de migrants pour ce pays. doi:. Environ Sci Technol. However, as long as no specific sensitive biomarker for the biological impact of low-dose chronic uranium exposure has been identified and validated, assessing subtle health impact of such exposure will remain difficult. Available from: Health Canada. Header image: Environ Res. doi:. Hence, based on the place of residence, no prediction can be made about the individual uranium exposure of a person. Such corrections are sensitive to bias, especially in population-wide collectives, due to demographic differences [42–44]. 1993;65(5):660–3. J Am Soc Nephrol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00053a031, 36 Reinivuo H, Valsta LM, Laatikainen T, Tuomilehto J, Pietinen P. Sodium in the Finnish diet: II trends in dietary sodium intake and comparison between intake and 24-h excretion of sodium. National Kidney Foundation practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. doi:. Bundesgesundheitsbl Gesundheitsforsch Gesundheitsschutz. © Chernetskaya | Dreamstime.com, Judith Jenny-Burri, Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO),, Schwarzenburgstrasse 155,, CH-3003 Bern, judith.jenny-burri[at]blv.admin.ch, 1 ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). 2005;88(3):229–42. Increased urinary uranium values from individual study participants were expected beforehand as some Swiss uranium “problem” areas, explained by elevated uranium concentrations in the drinking water, have already been described [9, 10]. doi:. Umweltprobenbank des Bundes - Teilbank Humanproben und Datenbank - Jahresbericht 2010/11. Wrenn ME, Durbin PW, Howard B, Lipsztein J, Rundo J, Still ET, et al.Metabolism of ingested U and Ra. On 27 February, a 28-year-old IT worker from Geneva, who had recently returned from Milan, tested positive and was admitted to the Geneva University Hospital. In Canada, median urinary uranium concentrations of both survey cycles 1 and 2 were below the respective LOD of 9 ng/l (n = 3474, 20–79 years of age, survey years 2007–2009) and 10 ng/l (n = 3635, 20–79 years of age, survey years 2009–2011) [46, 47]. Uranium transfer in the food chain from soil to plants, animals and man. Chemie der Erde Geochemistry.2009;69:75–90. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2004;94(3):319–26. A median of 4.9 ng/l or 4.6 ng/g creatinine was reported in France (n = 1991, 18–74 years of age, ENNS, survey years 2006–2007) . Higher levels in men than women were observed in Germany at each repetition of the human biomonitoring studies (Humanprobenbank) [48], but only for the 24-hour urine samples. [Cited 2019 July 22.] 1992;24(3):309–22. Driver CJ. * Body mass index (BMI), classification according to the WHO† Including 11 participants who responded with “I do not drink water”. doi:. Toxicol Sci. Uranium. Participant characteristics were complemented with known risk factors for kidney impairment as well as indicators of a possible renal dysfunction [6, 37–39]. Furthermore, uranium can both cross the blood-brain barrier as well as the placenta and is excreted in breast milk [4]. In: Osimani, C, editor. [Cited 2019 July 22.] Environ Health Perspect. doi:. Lastly, 0.1 ml of 233U spike solution and 2.7 ml HNO3 1% were added to a final volume of 3.1 ml. The 24-hour urine volume ranged between 321 and 7500 ml with a median of 1881 ml. For participants with an exclusive tap water consumption, the median uranium excretion was 11 ng/2 4 h. The highest median uranium excretion of 18 ng/24 h was found within the group of participants with an exclusive consumption of bottled water. 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