Copyright © Enseignants du primaire He was born on 15 November 1757 at Alençon, to goldsmith, former trial judge, and deputy consul Jacques Hébert (died 1766) and Marguerite Beunaiche de Houdrie (1727–1787). Réponse garantie en 72h max. It is estimated that Hébert received 205,000 livres from this purchase.[4]. When Hébert accused Marie-Antoinette during her trial of incest with her son, Robespierre called him a fool ("imbécile").[13]. Biographie. Following Louis's failed flight to Varennes he began to attack both Louis and Pope Pius VI as well. |"The trial took place on 21–4 March, its result a foregone conclusion. Social History Vol. The trend toward secularization had already begun to take hold throughout France during the eighteenth century; however, between September 1793 and August 1794, French politicians began discussing and embracing notions of "radical dechristianization. "Who’s Afraid of Marie-Antoinette? Hébert fled first to Rouen and then to Paris. The order was to arrest the leaders of the Hébertists; these included individuals in the War Ministry and others. However, Hébert had been warned in time, and, with the support of the Sans Culottes, the National Convention was forced to order his release three days later. He then entered the service of a doctor. Street hawkers would yell: Il est bougrement en colère aujourd’hui le père Duchesne! Dès les premières séances, la lutte s'engagea. Voilà de quoi déméler tes pinceaux: http://www.memo.fr/Article.asp?ID=PAY_FRA_1RE_001. [citation needed] They married on 7 February 1792, and had a daughter, Virginia Scipion-Hébert (7 February 1793 – 13 July 1830). By identifying Marie Antoinette's lavish excesses and alleged sexuality as the core of the monarchy's problems, Hébert's articles suggested that, if Marie Antoinette would change her ways and renounce aristocratic excesses, then the monarchy could be saved and the queen could return to the good will of the people. In 1790, he attracted attention through a pamphlet he published, and became a prominent member of the club of the Cordeliers in 1791. Among those who went to the scaffold with Pere Duchesne on the afternoon of the twenty-fourth were Vincent, Ronsin, and the leader of section Marat, Momoro. There he found work in a theater, la République, where he wrote plays in his spare time, but these were never produced. In 1789, he began his writing with a pamphlet "la Lanterne magique ou le Fléau des Aristocrates" (Magic Lantern, or Scourge of Aristocrats). It is said he lived through expediency and scams. On the next day, the worship of the deistic Supreme Being was inaugurated as an official aspect of the Revolution. One's class, for example, could be a significant determinant in directing and influencing one's political decisions. [citation needed], After successfully attacking the Girondins, Hébert continued to attack others whom he viewed as too moderate, including Danton, Philippeaux, and Robespierre in the fall of 1793 among others. Nous focalisons d’abord notre attention sur l’histoire des désignants politiques « Montagne », « Gironde » et « sans-culottes », qui nous paraissent relever d’un système complexe d’hétéro-désignation et d’auto-désignation. Député de la Montagne, qui siégeait, à la Convention, sur les gradins les plus élevés. Sous la Législative, quelques députés élus par le département de la Gironde ( Vergniaud, Guadet, etc...) s'étaient liés d'amitié avec Brissot et ses amis ( Buzot, Louvet, Pétion, Roland et sa femme, etc...). He constantly felt great anger but also would experience great happiness. This put him in the revolutionary mindset, and the Le Père Duchesne adopted a sloppier style to better appeal to the masses. Kaiser, Thomas. As a public journalist, he supported the September Massacres. It is difficult to ascertain the extent to which Hébert's publication Le Père Duchesne impacted the outcomes of political events between 1790 and 1794. (Sous la II e République, on donna aussi le nom de … Jacques Hébert. La Commune ayant protesté, le Girondin Isnard prononça un terrible réquisitoire contre Paris. Compared with Hébert's somewhat popular festivals, this austere new religion of Virtue was received with signs of hostility by the Parisian public. Therefore, Hébert's writings certainly influenced his audience to some extent, but that does not mean that it changed the political outcomes of the French Revolution. Landes, Joan. Jacques René Hébert (French: ; 15 November 1757 – 24 March 1794) was a French journalist and the founder and editor of the extreme radical newspaper Le Père Duchesne during the French Revolution.. Hébert was a leader of the French Revolution and had thousands of followers as the Hébertists (French Hébertistes); he himself is sometimes called Père Duchesne, after his newspaper. Peu favorables aux mesures de rigueur préconisées par la Montagne en matière économique et sociale, ils furent accusés de paralyser le gouvernement à l'heure du danger. Illustration from the Père Duchesne broadsides. La Commune ayant protesté, le Girondin Isnard prononça un terrible réquisitoire contre Paris. En réponse, le 31 mai, les sections de sans-culottes, soutenues par les Montagnards, vinrent exiger la mise en accusation des principaux Girondins et la suppression de la commission. [5] Hébert was not the only writer during the French Revolution to use the image of Père Duchesne nor was he the only author in the period to adopt foul language as a way of appealing to the working class. Pour se défendre, les Girondins créèrent une commission de douze membres chargée d'enquêter sur les actes de la Commune ( 18 mai 1793). Initially, from 1790 and into 1792, Le Père Duchesne supported a constitutional monarchy and was even favorable towards King Louis XVI and the opinions of the Marquis de La Fayette. Hébert's executioners amused the crowd by adjusting the guillotine so that its blade stopped inches above his neck,[15] and it was only after the fourth time the lever (déclic) was pulled that he was actually beheaded. Député de la Montagne, qui siégeait, à la Convention, sur les gradins les plus élevés. He was never afraid to fully display exactly how he was feeling. Review of Revolution in Print: The Press in France, by Robert Darton, Daniel Roche; Naissance du Journal Revolutionnaire, by Claude Labrosse, Pierre Retat; La Revolution du Journal, by Pierre Retat; Revolutionary News; The Press in France, by Jeremy D. Popkin. Journaliste et homme politique français... Régime sous lequel la France a vécu de septembre 1792 à mai... Ensemble des mouvements révolutionnaires qui mirent fin en France à l'Ancien... Maximilien de Robespierre. By En avril 1793, la création du Comité de Salut public, d'où ils furent exclus, diminua encore leur influence. French revolutionary historians such as Jean-Paul Bertraud, Jeremy D. Popkin, and William J. Murray each investigated French Revolutionary press history and determined that while the newspapers and magazines that one read during the revolution may have influenced their political leanings, it did not necessarily create their political leanings. At the urging of the Twelve on 24 May 1793 he was arrested. The French linguist and historian Ferdinand Brunot called Hébert "The Homer of filth" because of his ability to use common language to appeal to general audiences[4] In addition, Père Duchesne's appearance played into the tensions of the revolution through the sharp contrast of his clothing and portrayal as a laborer against the crown and aristocracy's formal attire. Effrayés par les troubles qu'ils avaient contribué à susciter, les Girondins s'élevèrent contre l'action de la toute-puissante commune de Paris: ils s'opposaient à la prédominance politique de la capitale et à la centralisation souhaitée par la Montagne, qui, en revanche, les accusait de fédéralisme. 25 No. [12] On 21 October 1793 a law was passed which made all suspected priests and all persons who harbored them liable to death on sight. It's easy! "The Sans-culottes of the Year II: Rethinking the Language of Labour in Revolutionary France". Le Père Duchesne began to attack Lafayette, Mirabeau, and Bailly. Lemaire's character also used a slew of profanities and would address France's military. This happened again in May and June 1793 when the Minister of War bought copies of newspapers in order to "enlighten and animate their patriotism." As a member of Cordeliers club, he had a seat in the revolutionary Paris Commune where on 9 and 10 August 1792 he was sent to the Bonne-Nouvelle section of Paris. Sonenscher, Michael. Au gré des missions de ses membres dans les départements et aux armées, mais aussi en fonction des congés et de diverses absences, la Convention nationale a très souvent été amputée d’une partie importante de son effectif théorique. Eighteenth-Century Studies Vol. Hébert met his future wife Marie Goupil (born 1756), a 37-year-old former nun who had left convent life at the Sisters of Providence convent at rue Saint-Honoré. – comme le texte complet des Archives parlementaires1 ou du Moniteur Universel – pour les analyser avec les logiciels lexicométriques. La Commission fit arrêter Hébert, substitut du procureur. His violent attacks of the period were aimed at Jean-Sifrein Maury, a great defender of papal authority and the main opponent of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. N'hésitez pas à nous poser tout type de question. He used a mythical character called the Père Duchesne to be able to relay his message in a more subtle way. Homme politique français... Députés de la Montagne, qui siégeaient, à la Convention, sur les... Pour les mots « sandwich » ou « match », quel pluriel faut-il utiliser de préférence en français ? On 20 May 1793 the moderate majority of the National Convention formed the Special Commission of Twelve, which was designed to investigate and prosecute conspirators. "[10] While Robespierre advocated for the right to religion and believed that aggressively pursuing dechristianization would spur widespread revolts throughout rural France, Hébert and his followers, the Hébertists, wanted to spontaneously and violently overhaul religion. He would constantly use foul language and other harsh words to express himself.[9]. (Father Duchesne is very angry today!). Il y dénonce les agissements politiques des Girondins. Dechristianization was a movement that took hold during the French Revolution in which advocates believed that, in order to pursue a secular society, they had to reject the superstitions of the old regime and, as an extension, Catholicism. Another writer at the time, Lemaire, also wrote a newspaper entitled Père Duchêne (although he spelt it differently than Hébert) from September 1790 until May 1792 in which he assumed the voice of a "moderate patriot" who wanted to conserve the relationship between the king and the nation.
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