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Join your colleagues in participating in this And sub-regional integration is lagging behind. Southern-based rebel groups agreed to a final peace accord in March 2003. First, general-turned-media mogul Norbert Dabira was arrested. Burnt-out vehicle on the road from Brazzavile to Kinkala Oil has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy, providing a major share of government revenues and exports. Before the civil war, there were 9,000 Europeans in Congo, but only a small number remain today. 1999, p. 15). During the 1993-94 civil war, Sassou's Cobra militia and Kolelas's Ninjas were allied against Lissouba's Cocoyes in a conflict in which some 2,000 people were killed and tens of thousands displaced before an agreement was signed in December 1994 to end hostilities. Several percent have HIV among 15-49 year olds. Natural gas is increasingly being converted to electricity rather than being flared, greatly improving energy prospects. 1999, p. 15). Every day, she said, her youngest child, a six-year-old girl, gets thinner and thinner. Alternative Titles: Congo-Brazzaville, People’s Republic of the Congo, République Populaire du Congo, République du Congo. The separate militias maintained their identities and the Cobras, Cocoyes, and Ninjas have been active and responsible for serious human rights violations up to the present. “I am still traumatised,” Oungoula said. It is the permanent secretary of PREF-CEMAC, Michel-Cyr Djiena Wembou, who presented this report to the press, which provides a critical assessment of this reform program. This colony was made up of Gabon, Chad, Middle Congo (present day Congo), and Oubangui-Chari (modern Central African Republic). United States, Department of State (U.S. DOS), Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1993, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1994). States have still not vigorously implemented the reforms that contribute to improving the business climate, diversifying the economy and strengthening human capital, which is the important factor in improving productivity. [Internet] URL: http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/id199697/ldhansard/pdvn/lds98/text/80903w10.htm, United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR), "Situation of Human Rights in the Republic of Congo," 29 December 1999. In reaction to the extrajudicial execution of three of their colleagues, . 23 June 1999: "The International Federation of Human Rights (FIDH) has accused the Congo-Brazzaville government and rebel militias of killing between 5,000 and 6,000 people during the past six months" (Mikangou, 23 June 1999). “People eat what they can find in the forest,” he said. A Congolese government report accused Kolelas of major human rights violations and a court sentenced him to death in absentia. The violence here has played out with little international attention, unlike the humanitarian “mega-crisis” in the neighbouring Democratic Republic of Congo. She said she knew of five civilians killed during the attack, which she escaped from by hiding in the forest with her son, who was born the day before. This claims that former President Pascal Lissouba was guilty of genocide during the 1997 civil war in the Republic of Congo. Boulangui are in the country’s northwest. A bicameral assembly was also introduced. Initiated in 2016 with the aim of resolving the economic crisis caused by the fall in the prices of raw materials, … Amnesty International has accused government and opposition leaders of ordering or condoning "human rights abuses to eliminate or intimidate known or suspected supporters of their opponents" (AI, Mar. They began searching through the house and found an old purple scarf – a colour associated with Ninjas. However, agreements to disarm militias and integrate them into the security forces were only partially implemented; disputes concerning the elections continued and violence increased in the run-up to 1997 elections. The village of Soumouna in Congo-Brazzaville’s southern Pool region lies empty and guarded by soldiers, but there’s undeniable evidence of what happened here 20 months ago. The government blamed the attacks on a former militia group called the Ninjas, which had fought against Sassou Nguesso during civil wars in the 1990s and 2000s, but had largely demobilised. Vancouver Sun, "Congo Republic: Rebels loyal to ex-leader kidnap 53 people," 6 July 1999. Members of groups at both ends of the political spectrum purged ethnic majority neighborhoods of minority ethnic groups through the use of arson, looting, and assassination" (U.S. DOS, Country Reports 1994, Feb. 1995, p. 54-55). The country is a former French colony. The human rights organization went on to urge Congolese authorities to "set up an independent and impartial inquiry into human rights abuses that occurred in the recent past and to ensure that the perpetrators were brought to justice' (AI, Amnesty International Report 1999, 1999, p.1 & 4). Lissouba’s forces surrounded Sassou’s compound in the capital. The arrest of Mbouala’s chief of staff in May last year … exclusive survey of global business confidence. United States, Department of State (U.S. DOS), Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1998 - Volume I, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, April 1999). This response was prepared after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the RIC within time constraints. His only rival, Andre Milongo, told his supporters to boycott the election then later dropped out. These militiamen questioned young men among displaced civilians in the local dialect to ascertain their ethnicity and, if they were unable to answer, killed them as suspected government infiltrators. Anicet Oungoula, 29, was part of an ambulance crew recently attacked by Ninjas near Kinkala. 1999, p. 102). Thirty children on the brink of death were brought to Brazzaville for treatment, but three of them died. Congo established a relationship with the Soviet Union in 1965 as well as the People’s Republic of China, North Vietnam, and North Korea. When the Franc Zone currencies devalued by 50 percent in January 1994, the currency inflated that year 46 percent. This story was updated on Monday 18 June 2018 with satellite footage obtained by Emmanuel Freudenthal. Despite widespread reports of violence, including the burning of hundreds of homes, the authorities failed to investigate the killings or take any action against the perpetrators" (AI, Amnesty International Report 1999, 1999, p.3). 1999: "Rebel militiamen were responsible for serious abuses, including summary execution, rape and extortion. In brief The president, Denis Sassou-Nguesso, will keep his grip on power, despite the country's worsening socioeconomic situation. ", "From late August 1998, after armed clashes resumed in the Pool region, armed groups described as Ninjas, but also reportedly including Cocoyes, attacked unarmed civilians, as well as government and security officials. Summary: There are numerous credible reports of grave human rights violations committed by Ninja militia forces loyal to former Congolese Prime Minister Bernard Kolelas, including hostage-taking, torture, and extrajudicial executions. Rebels denied the displaced persons access to information about conditions in Brazzaville and punished families or villages of those who sought to return. [Internet] URL: http://www.asyl.net/Magazin/docs/Docs11/1-17/L6322drc.html. For a brief chronological overview of human rights violations attributed to the Ninja militia in Congo-Brazzaville please see the chronology on pages 7 through 10 of this response. United States, Department of State (U.S. DOS), Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1994, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1995). . The Amnesty report goes on to list a number of killings by Ninja combatants of unarmed civilians, including a journalist, a trader, a village chief, six employees of the World Food Program, and five employees of the state railway company. Bereft of information, the international community has termed them, “armed elements”. According to the same report, economic integration also suffers from enormous weaknesses. There is central plateau in the interior between two basins in the south and north. Labor elements and political parties started a three day uprising causing him to lose power. Congo sapeurs: Is the Guinness ad true to life? Pygmies make up approximately 5-10 percent of the population. The current administration faces difficult economic challenges of stimulating recovery and reducing poverty. Moody’s Analytics. The Wildlife Conservation Society studied the gorilla population in the Ouessa district in 2006-07. 1999, p. 15). When they arrived on the scene, he said the fighters began shooting at the ambulance, wounding the driver and sending the vehicle into a ditch. current situation: the Republic of the Congo is a source and destination country for children, men, and women, subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; most trafficking victims are from Benin, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and, to a lesser extent, other neighboring countries and are subjected to domestic servitude and market vending by West African and Congolese nationals; adults … . In 1960 after gaining independence, the French Region known as the Middle Congo became the Republic of the Congo. IRIN was granted rare access to the region, and was able to document the toll of the 20-month conflict. Sealed off from the press and human rights organisations, the operation in Pool has received little media coverage. The shells of burnt-out vehicles rust in the rain and crumbling houses poke out through the overgrown brush. Bantu kingdoms like the Kongo, Teke, and Loango, built Congo River basin trade lines. [Internet] URL: http://freedomhouse.org/survey/2000/reports/country/congob.html, Gouala, Joseph. 1999, p.7). "Rebel militiamen, particularly the "Ninjas" and "Nsiloulou" based in the southern Pool region, also committed summary executions. Published 18 January 2014. . 1999, p.15-16). These private militias were responsible for the bulk of human rights abuses, but government troops also committed extrajudicial killings, and the police continued to use torture and other brutal measures against detainees . This response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee or asylum status. ), 3.06% (male 66,962/female 84,666) (2017 est.). From early 1990 the government began moving toward a multi-party political system, which culminated in presidential elections in which Pascal Lissouba defeated Bernard Kolelas and Sassou Nguesso and acceded to the presidency. Government, police, and military buildings were set alight in opposition strongholds and 17 people were killed, including three police officers. The French organized French Equatorial Africa (AEF) in 1908. Human Rights Watch is a 501(C)(3) nonprofit registered in the US under EIN: 13-2875808, Associate Director, International Justice Program, A Call for Justice in Africa’s Great Lakes Region, AU's 'ICC Withdrawal Strategy' Less than Meets the Eye, Silver Lining: The Year 2013 in Human Rights, Abbé Benoît Kinalegu, Democratic Republic of Congo, African Civil Society Urges African States Parties to the Rome Statute to Reaffirm Their Commitment to the ICC, United States: President Bush Signs Law on Child Soldiers. Last September, the NGO Caritas distributed food to a village called Madzia via military helicopter, but otherwise there has been “no humanitarian access” to this part of the region, said Alain Moukouri, secretary-general of Caritas in the Republic of Congo. “I don’t understand why the soldiers did this,” he said from a camp for displaced people located outside a church in Kinkala. 1998: "Members of the 'Ninja' armed group killed unarmed civilians who refused to support them, particularly before and during clashes with government forces" (AI, Amnesty International Report 1999, 1999, p. 3-4). In October 1998 a court "indicted 100 members of Congo's former government with a sweeping list of offenses including assassinations, tortures, rapes, fraud and theft" (CNN, 16 Oct. 1998). Pascal Lissouba became the first elected president and attempted economic reforms. It is across from Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo’s capital. Congo-Brazzaville was colonized by France while Congo-Kinshasa was colonized by Belgium. Recently, diamonds have become a major export as well as natural gas. And, according to the 1998 U.S. Department of State report on human rights practices in the Congo, "The government's human rights record was characterized by numerous serious abuses. IRIN documents the humanitarian toll of a little-known 20-month conflict, Journalist covering conflict and humanitarian crises in Central Africa and the Sahel. From June 1997: "Ninja and Cocoye combatants reportedly killed hundreds and possibly thousands of unarmed civilians at roadblocks in their Bacongo and Makélékélé strongholds" (AI, Mar. It is the second occasion she has been displaced in the past two decades. After the Conference of 1944, the Congo benefitted from the expansion of the resulting administrative and infrastructure spending. However, according to a Ninja militia leader, "there are still almost 16,000 Ninjas in the Pool region around Brazzaville and several thousand Cocoyes" (Mikangou, 16 Mar. Angola 231 km, Cameroon 494 km, Central African Republic 487 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 1,229 km, Gabon 2,567 km, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2017 est. Although as many as 4,000 former militia were reportedly integrated between 1994 and 1996, militia activities continued" (AI, Mar. 1993: "Militias loyal to faction leaders held hostages from rival groups and engaged in numerous instances of looting, burning, rape, and physical assault. Congo (Brazzaville) May 23, 2019 A Call for Justice in Africa’s Great Lakes Region Governments in the region should swiftly implement the Nairobi recommendations. According to Amnesty International: The United Nations Commission on Human Rights cited the human rights violations brought to their attention by non-governmental organizations as including "summary or extrajudicial executions; arbitrary arrest and detention; torture and rape; forced or involuntary disappearances; and violations of the freedom of expression, opinion and assembly" and concluded that "these human rights violations are allegedly committed by all parties to the conflict and particularly by members of various armed militias" (UNCHR, 29 Dec. 1999, p. 6). “It is a national crisis not a local one.”, Back in Loutété, heavy rain turns the grounds of the church into mud as Kouelolo prepares for another night sleeping in a tent. 1999, p.12). Bantu masters control many Pygmies as slaves. A dry season exists from June to August. Large areas of jungle are nearly uninhabited. Armed conflict between the contending forces continued throughout 1998 and into 1999, accompanied by grave human rights violations. 1999, p.15-16). Abuses perpetrated by the private militias included extrajudicial killing, kidnapping, torture, and looting, but their frequency decreased significantly after the January 30 signature of the peace accord. To reduce import dependence, the government agreed to lease large amounts of land to South African farmers. This time, she says she will only return home if two conditions are met: “The soldiers must leave and the Ninjas must leave.”. 2000, p. 131). 2000). The Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) points to the weaknesses in the implementation of economic diversification reforms, as here in Brazzaville. 2000, p. 129-130). According to Amnesty International, "integration of militia enabled all political parties to have an influence in the security forces, thus adversely affecting morale and discipline. Ntumi has consistently denied responsibility for the 2016 election attack in Brazzaville and many Congolese and foreign diplomatic officials believe him. The departments are Bouenza, Cuvette, Cuvette-Ouest, Kouilou, Lekoumou, Brazzaville, Likouala, Niari, Plateaux, Pool, Sangha, and Pointe Noire. Private spending was 1.3 percent. The Republic of the Congo’s economy is a mixture of subsistence farming, an industrial sector based largely on oil and support services, and government spending. inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: general cargo 27, oil tanker 2, other 11 (2017), Brazzaville (Congo); Impfondo (Oubangi); Ouesso (Sangha); Oyo (Alima), 9,202 (Rwanda) (2016); 31,688 (Central African Republic) (2017); 15,654 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2018), 108,000 (multiple civil wars since 1992) (2017), the Republic of the Congo is a source and destination country for children, men, and women, subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; most trafficking victims are from Benin, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and, to a lesser extent, other neighboring countries and are subjected to domestic servitude and market vending by West African and Congolese nationals; adults and children, the majority from the DRC, are also sex trafficked in Congo, mainly Brazzaville; internal trafficking victims, often from rural areas, are exploited as domestic servants or forced to work in quarries, bakeries, fishing, and agriculture, Tier 2 Watch List - the Republic of the Congo does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the country drafted an action plan based on anti-trafficking legislation, which remains pending in the Supreme Court; the government made minimal anti-trafficking law enforcement efforts in 2014, failing to prosecute or convict suspected traffickers from cases dating back to 2010; serious allegations of official complicity continue to be reported; the government lacks a systematic means of identifying victims and relies on NGOs and international organizations to identify victims and NGOs and foster families to provide care to victims; the quality of care varied widely because the foster care system was allegedly undermined by inadequate security and official complicity (2015), Non-residential - Commercial & Retail - Vacancy, Nominal Fixed Investment (gross fixed capital formation), Real Fixed Investment (gross fixed capital formation).

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