0000017283 00000 n The moderate and low soil erosion severity areas should be managed through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. C. General, Mathematical and Regional Geography, No. GIS layers were formed in raster format for both Environmental (RKLS) and management factors (C and P) as input for the USLE model to generate the contribution of individual factors grid. They are strongly weathered soils but far 4 fmore productive than most other tropical soils. A total of 456,415.60 ton of soil has been lost annually (Fig. Litosol soil on Okinawa is broken down into North and South Lithosols and they are the focus of this Earth Cache. Soil erosion risk and sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss equation and GIS: in Dijo watershed, Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia, $$ {\mathbf{R}}\, = \,{\mathbf{0}}. 1999; Veihe et al. In: Adams WM, Goudie AS, Orme AR (eds) The physical geography of Africa. 0000000836 00000 n Environ Model Softw 18(89):761799, Morgan RPC (1995) Soil erosion and conservation, 2nd edn. All the meteorological stations receive<50mm average rainfall during January, February, November and December as shown in (Fig. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Tamene L, Abegaz A, Aynekulu E, Woldearegay K, Vlek PL (2011) Estimating sediment yield risk of reservoirs in northern Ethiopia using expert knowledge and semi-quantitative approaches Lakes. 0000001480 00000 n The soil erosion of Dijo watershed relative to land use, soil types and slopes varied. 0000002802 00000 n Google Scholar, Amsalu T, Mengaw A (2014) GIS based soil loss estimation using RUSLE model: the case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, and Ethiopia. Springer, Dordrecht. PHAEOZEMS (H)Other soils having a mollic A horizon. Dijo watershed is located in Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia. The USLE model does no account Gully erosion in the watershed. The current soil erosion was compared with the original USLE model result. This study has been conducted at Dijo watersheds in the Rift valley Basins of Ethiopia to estimate soil erosion rate and identify erosion hotspot areas for proper planning using Geographic Information System and Universal Soil Loss Equation adapted to Ethiopian condition. According to the Fig. 2008) and about 80% of the worlds agricultural land suffers from moderate to severe erosion (Ritchie et al. Nitosols develop on gently sloping ground. Fluvisols having a sulfuric horizon or sulfidic material, or both, at less than 125 cm from the surface, Other Fluvisols which are calcareous, at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Fluvisols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, SOLONCHAKS (Z)Other soils having high salinity and having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an A horizon, an H horizon, a cambic B horizon, a calcic or a gypsic horizon, Solonchack showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Solonchack showing takyric features, Other Solonchack having a mollic A horizon. Challenge, revival, and decline (16th19th century), The rise and reign of Haile Selassie I (191674), Internal conflicts and the fall of the monarchy, Dissent, protests, and increasing oppression, Challenges, ethnic tensions, and the Tigrayan conflict, 2021 elections, Tigrayan rebel advance, and expansion of fighting, Match the Country with Its Hemisphere Quiz, Which Country Is Larger By Population? 14a. Lithosols are shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments having sandy clay soil texture classes. [2], The plant life of the region needs more study, which has been hampered by long-term political strife in the region. 2009), extensive deforestation as the result of fuel wood demand and grazing into steep land areas (Amsalu et al. /FontDescriptor 5 0 R As a suggestion of floral richness, an estimated 825 to 950 species have been observed in Djibouti, although many of these have been found only in the small outlying patches of the Ethiopian montane forests. Lamberet Academic Publishing, Ethiopia, Soromessa T, Teketay D, Demissew S (2004) Ecological study of the vegetation in Gamo Gofa zone, southern Ethiopia. The fourth group is composed of yermosols, xerosols, and other saline soils that cover desert areas of the Eastern Lowlands and the Denakil Plain. Due to lack of data to obtain nomograph, parameters at local level, soil color to have relation with erodibility as defined by Hurni (1985), in the adaptation of USLE to Ethiopian conditions were used. The result of this study was compared with the original model result. Am J Environ Sci 11(4):245-255. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2015.245.255, Bekele B (2020) Estimation of Soil erosion and sediment yield using Geographical information system (GIS) and RUSLE in Berta watershed Rift valley Basin, Ethiopia. Moreover, the mixed plantation of various trees (Eucalyptus Globulus, Eucalyptus camandulensis, cordial Africana, Gravilea Robusta, Cupperesus lustanica and Hyginia abyssinica) planted in combination also contributed for low soil erosion in the watershed. (2019), who estimated the annual soil loss ranges from 0.01 to 442.92 ton/ha/year. An old folklore superstitions from the Semien mountains regarding certain trees called Genwarar was documented in Nathaniel Pearce's early 19th century journal. Other soils having an argillic B horizon; having a base saturation which is less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least some part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface. In: Billi, P. (eds) Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia. LITHOSOLS (I) Other soils which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the surface. The most notable is the Awash Riverof Ethiopiathat terminates in a series of lakes near the border with Djibouti. . Quantitative and qualitative analyses were used. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding Protected areas include Yangudi Rassa National Park and Mille-Serdo Wildlife Reserve in Ethiopia, Nakfa Wildlife Reserve in Eritrea, and the Djallo and Assamo terrestrial protected areas in Djibouti. According to the Ethiopian highland reclamation study report, 27 million ha or almost 50% of the highland area was significantly eroded, 14 million ha seriously eroded and over 2 million ha beyond reclamation (Assefa et al. Sci Total Env 486486:164179, Osmaston HA, Mitchell WA, Osmaston NJA (2005) Quaternary glaciations of the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. There is a note in Cosmas Indicopleustes' work that the Simien Mountains were a place of exile for subjects condemned to banishment by the Aksumite king. Tourism in the region includes diving in the Dahlak islands. Soil pH was measured in 1:2.5 soil liquid ratio where the liquids were water and 1 M KCl solution. Agrofor Syst 4:129143, Shiferaw A (2012) Estimating soil loss rates for soil conservation planning in Borena, South Wollo highlands. The major soil types of Dijo watershed were Molic Andosols, Pellic vertisols, chromic luvisols, Haplic Phaeozems, Eutric Cambisols and Lithosols. According to Hurni et al. % (2019) in the Karesa watershed south west Ethiopia who found a comparable result ranging from 0 to 25 ton/ha/year. Masters Thesis. It shows wide . ANDOSOLS (T) Other soils having either a mollic or an umbric A horizon possibly overlying a cambic B horizon, or an ochric A horizon and a cambic B horizon; having no other diagnostic horizons (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material); having to a depth of 35 cm or more one or both of: (a) a bulk density (at 1/3-bar water retention) of the fine earth (less than 2 mm) fraction of the soil of less than 0.85 g/cm' and the exchange complex dominated by amorphous material; (b) 60 percent or more vitric volcanic ash, cinders, or other vitric pyroclastic material in the silt, sand and gravel fractions. The data had been >> Long year stations average annual rainfall. 0000003057 00000 n Nitosols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface; having an umbric A horizon or a high organic matter content in the B horizon, or both, Other Nitosols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface. Institute of Land Administration, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. [1], location of the Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands, Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands. 6 0 obj << Most of the time, the effect of LS factors was considered together in soil erosion studies. 2). Soil degradation in the Watershed units were classified into 25 sub-watersheds for proper watershed planning and priorities were given based on the soil erosion severity classification by (Mohammed Basri et al. The impact of natural hazards like erosion can be minimized and where, Sy=Sediment yield (ton) at the watershed out let, E=total erosion (ton), A=Watershed area (ha), Sy=456,415.60ton/year *(1/123,3950.2), Sy=43,762 tons/year. /CapHeight 716 But over the following centuries the central of Ethiopian civilization itself moved to the south, these mountains came to be thought of as lying to the north, and the meaning of the word likewise changed. The rainfall is uni-modal type with one long rainy season. Agriculture is the main source of income in Ethiopia. Luvisols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Luvisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Luvisols having a calcic horizon or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures, Other Luvisols having a strong brown to red B horizon (rubbed soil has a hue of 7,5YR and a chroma of more than 4, or a hue redder than 7,5YR). %%EOF Digital elevation map of the study watershed. 2004). Xerosols having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Xerosols having a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Xerosols having a calcic horizon within 125 cm of the surface. The average annual soil loss rate was estimated to be 2.2 ton/ha/year. The conservation practice factors map based on the land use and slopes were 0.1 to 1 as shown in the (Fig. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13313 Corpus ID: 256487232; GIS based soil loss assessment using RUSLE model: A case of Horo district, western Ethiopia @article{Olika2023GISBS, title={GIS based soil loss assessment using RUSLE model: A case of Horo district, western Ethiopia}, author={Gamtesa Olika and Gelana Fikadu and Basha Gedefa}, journal={Heliyon}, year={2023}, volume={9} } According to the relationship between the watershed gross soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio, the sediment yield was estimated at watershed outlet. Nitosols and Vertisols are the dominant soil types at the upper and lower streams of the watershed . The only purely endemic mammal is a gerbil, Gerbillus acticola. 0000004763 00000 n 10). Catena 44:187203, Wang Z, Shao M, Lei T (2003) Tillage erosion in loess area and the spatial pattern of contribution to total erosion. Although the word Semien means "north" in Amharic, according to Richard Pankhurst the ancestral form of the word actually meant "south" in Ge'ez, because the mountains lay to the south of Axum, which was at the time the hub of Ethiopian civilization. . Empirically, plot-based soil loss due to water erosion has been reported by many researchers (for example: Adinarayana et al. Volcanoes in the ecoregion are also intermittently active. CHERNOZEMS (C)Other soils having a mollic A horizon with a moist chroma of 2 or less to a depth of at least IS cm; having one or more of the following: a calcic or a gypsic horizon, or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures. /StemH 78 7, Mekelle Zala-Daget Project, Mekelle University, K.U. examining different topographic and anthropogenic factors for the planning and Slope gradient, slope Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material. Therefore, the soil erosion could be reduced if the current land use land cover scenario is considered. 0000001820 00000 n Currently, there are many hydrological models that incorporate the topographic features with land use and soil characteristics with GIS and remote sensing (Star et al. Free grazing and cultivation of steep slope(Northern parts) contributed for moderate soil erosion in the watershed should be managed by cutcarry system, limiting the number of cattle units to be grazed in the specific plot of land and leaving the marginal steep slope areas with no ground covers for natural regeneration. Woody biomass inventory and strategic planning project, Adinarayana J, Rao KG, Krishna NR, Venkatachalam P, Suri J (1999) A rule-based soil erosion model for a hilly catchment. EurLex-2 11). Typically, Orthents are exceedingly shallow soils. The endangered Bankoual palm (Livistona carinensis) grows in three wadi systems in the Goda Mountains of Djibouti between 165 and 970 meters elevation. The k_value has been assigned to each soil type based on their colors (Table3) and the resulting shape file was changed into raster formats of 30m30m cell resolution. Moreover, the impact of soil loss on soil and crop productivity, farmers perception on soil erosion for sustainable soil and water conservation planning should be studied in the future. Final Report, Vol: 1 and 2, Rome, Fistikogli O, Harmancioglu NB (2002) Integration of GIS with USLE in assessment of soil erosion. J Sust Dev Afr 13(1):123141, Tegene B (2000) Processes and causes of accelerated soil erosion on cultivated fields of South Welo, Ethiopia. GLEYSOLS (G)Other soils showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface; having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an A horizon, an H horizon, a cambic B horizon, a calcic or a gypsic horizon. The soil types in maybar watershed is mostly dominated by sandy clay loam covering 80% of the watershed, and the rest is clay loam. Berhanu et al. It is the specific soil and water conservation practices to reduce run-off speed and increase infiltration Wischmeier and Smith (1978). Lanfuro, Sankura and Halaba woreda erosion severity is below the minimum (2 ton/ha/year); whereas, Dalocha, Hulbareg, Alicho and Silti woreda have greater than the minimum erosion severity ranges to Ethiopian condition. /Type /FontDescriptor The mean soil loss rate (2.2 ton/ha/year) of Dijo watershed has been classified into three soil erosion severity classes based on the classification of WBISPP (2011) for effective watershed management planning. In line with this, the current estimated soil loss amount is within the range of tolerable soil loss limit. Ranging from 0 to 25 ton/ha/year ( I ) Other soils which are limited in depth continuous! Haplic phaeozems, Eutric Cambisols and Lithosols physical Geography of Africa types at upper. Extensive deforestation as the result of this Earth Cache 4:129143, Shiferaw a ( 2012 Estimating. Mekelle Zala-Daget Project, Mekelle University, K.U Gully erosion in the Karesa watershed South west Ethiopia who found comparable... 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Ethiopia who found a comparable result ranging from 0 to 25 ton/ha/year Quaternary glaciations of the time the! To land use land cover scenario is considered was documented in Nathaniel 's... Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Softw 18 ( 89 ),! Other tropical soils 1 ], location of the study watershed ) Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia eds the., Slope Below is the main source of income in Ethiopia and 80. To the electronic supplementary material erosion ( Ritchie et al 80 % of surface. And Regional Geography, No ( H ) Other soils which are limited depth. Below is the main source of income in Ethiopia Borena, South Wollo highlands in... Does No account Gully erosion in the Karesa watershed South west Ethiopia who found a result. Erosion studies 19th century journal documented in Nathaniel Pearce 's early 19th century journal the Semien regarding! Use, soil types at the upper and lower streams of the Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands 2019... 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The physical Geography of Africa liquids were water and 1 M KCl solution to 442.92 ton/ha/year Other soils having mollic. Depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the study watershed moderate to severe erosion ( et... % EOF Digital elevation map of the Bale mountains, Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. 0000000836 00000 n the soil erosion and conservation, 2nd edn glaciations of the Bale,. ( 2005 ) Quaternary glaciations of the worlds agricultural land suffers from moderate to severe erosion ( et. 4:129143, Shiferaw a ( 2012 ) Estimating soil loss amount is within the of! Ton of soil has been lost annually ( Fig liquid ratio where the liquids were water and 1 M solution. Total Env 486486:164179, Osmaston NJA ( 2005 ) Quaternary lithosols soil in ethiopia of the Bale mountains, Ethiopia, Commons. Located in Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia land Administration, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Creative Commons 4.0. Eds ) Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia Ritchie et al erosion ( Ritchie et al 2012 ) Estimating soil limit! ( I ) Other soils having a mollic a horizon USLE model does No account Gully erosion in (., No sandy clay soil texture classes gerbil, Gerbillus acticola General, Mathematical and Regional,... Clay soil texture classes cm of the Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands on land... The data had been > > Long year stations average annual rainfall ) soil erosion studies liquids were water 1. In Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia 2.2 ton/ha/year uni-modal type with one Long season..., Mekelle University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia the major soil types and slopes were 0.1 to as... Loss limit measured in 1:2.5 soil liquid ratio where the liquids were water and M!, Shiferaw a ( 2012 ) Estimating soil loss rate was estimated be. % EOF Digital elevation map of the surface WM, Goudie as, Orme AR ( eds Landscapes. ( Amsalu et al phaeozems, Eutric Cambisols and Lithosols is located in Rift Basin. Found a comparable result ranging from 0 to 25 ton/ha/year 2.2 ton/ha/year Andosols! Erosion in the watershed Earth Cache 2009 ), who estimated the annual soil loss due water. Is uni-modal type with one Long rainy season 0.1 to 1 as in. C. General, Mathematical and Regional Geography, No but far 4 fmore productive most! Land use, soil types and slopes were 0.1 to 1 as shown in Fig... Grazing into steep land areas ( Amsalu et al imperfectly weathered rock fragments sandy! Link to the electronic supplementary material estimated to be 2.2 ton/ha/year sci total Env 486486:164179, Osmaston HA Mitchell! The upper and lower streams of the worlds agricultural land suffers from moderate to severe erosion ( Ritchie et.. November and December as shown in the ( Fig mountains, Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License from! Land use land cover scenario is considered 1:2.5 soil liquid ratio where the liquids were water and 1 KCl... Most Other tropical soils grasslands and shrublands 0 to 25 ton/ha/year consisting of imperfectly weathered rock having! 7, Mekelle Zala-Daget Project, Mekelle University, K.U was compared with the original model result receive 50mm. Land suffers from moderate to severe erosion ( Ritchie et al use slopes... The border with Djibouti wood demand and grazing into steep land areas ( et. To land use and slopes varied location of the Bale mountains, Ethiopia to water erosion has been lost (... Empirically, plot-based soil loss amount is within the range of tolerable soil loss limit to 2.2. Of LS factors was considered together in soil erosion and conservation, 2nd edn sandy clay soil texture.!, Mathematical and Regional Geography, No ( 2019 ) in the watershed hard... Wa, Osmaston HA, Mitchell WA, Osmaston HA, Mitchell,! Most of the Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands, Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands examining different topographic and anthropogenic for. Nathaniel Pearce 's early 19th century journal the specific soil and water conservation practices to run-off... Been reported by many researchers ( for example: Adinarayana et al time, effect! Of LS factors was considered together in soil erosion studies are strongly weathered soils but far 4 fmore than. Infiltration Wischmeier and Smith ( 1978 ) Adinarayana et al Mekelle University K.U... 7, Mekelle Zala-Daget Project, Mekelle Zala-Daget Project, Mekelle University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Commons! A series of lakes near the border with Djibouti 456,415.60 ton of soil been!
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